Donald Judd (June 3, 1928 – February 12, 1994) Artist inspired by Anarchism

Donald Judd

Donald Judd (3 giugno 1928 – 12 febbraio 1994) è stato un artista statunitense.

 

Biografia

Fase tradizionalista

Iniziò la sua carriera artistica alla fine degli anni quaranta come pittore tradizionalista e dagli esperimenti su tela sviluppò la tradizione matura all'inizio degli anni sessanta. Nel 1961-62 realizzò numerosi rilievi che combinavano elementi della pittura e della scultura, poi nel 1963 cessò definitivamente di dipingere, concentrando il proprio lavoro nello spazio e con lo spazio.

Critico d'arte

È un fatto straordinario che lo sviluppo della sua produzione tra il 1957 e il 1963 abbia avuto luogo quasi interamente a porte chiuse. Per oltre cinque anni, infatti, Judd rifiutò di esporre in pubblico. In questo periodo era più conosciuto come critico d'arte che come artista (v. saggio Specific Objects).

La prima personale

Nel dicembre 1963, la prima personale di Judd fu ospitata dalla Green Gallery di New York, nella quale espose cinque oggetti che posizionò direttamente sul pavimento. Li aveva realizzati manualmente, usando soprattutto compensato e componenti metalliche, poi li aveva dipinti con colore uniforme. Queste opere, estendendosi nello spazio reale, rivelavano un allontanamento irreversibile dalla pittura a favore della tridimensionalità. Invece di suggerire uno spazio illusorio, Judd voleva servirsi di un'arte veramente astratta per usare e definire lo spazio reale.

Fase astrattismo

Nel 1964 Judd iniziò a sfruttare il potenziale delle tecniche di produzione industriale, creando così un'arte astratta e geometrica, dalla fredda eleganza, da cui sembra essere stata bandita ogni soggettività, ogni firma personale. Il 1965 vide la comparsa dei suoi primi Stacks, scatole di metallo fissate alla parete a intervalli identici che formavano una colonna verticale. Le sculture possono essere combinate serialmente o meno, a seconda della volontà dell'artista. Alcune sue creazioni sono state esposte con un numero diverso di elementi, a causa delle limitazioni dello spazio a loro destinato. Apparentemente autonomi, i suoi oggetti non possono essere percepiti senza considerare il rapporto con lo spazio che occupano e influenzano.
Il nome di Donald Judd è legato al movimento minimalista, di cui fu uno dei maggiori esponenti. In un articolo del 1966 raccontò il debito che il minimalismo ebbe con l'arte italiana, infatti nello stesso riconobbe in Enrico Castellani il padre e l'ispiratore dello stesso.

Donald Judd
Untitled
1988
60 x 80 cm (23 ½ x 31 ½ inches)
Woodcut on Japanese wove paper Okawara

© Judd Foundation



Donald Judd (June 3, 1928 – February 12, 1994) was an American artist associated with minimalism (a term he nonetheless stridently disavowed). In his work, Judd sought autonomy and clarity for the constructed object and the space created by it, ultimately achieving a rigorously democratic presentation without compositional hierarchy. It created an outpouring of seemingly effervescent works that defied the term "minimalism". Nevertheless, he is generally considered the leading international exponent of "minimalism," and its most important theoretician through such seminal writings as "Specific Objects" (1964).

Background and education

Judd was born in Excelsior Springs, Missouri. He served in the Army from 1946 to 1947 as an engineer and in 1948 began his studies in philosophy at the College of William and Mary, later transferring to Columbia University School of General Studies. At Columbia, he earned a degree in philosophy and worked towards a master's in art history under Rudolf Wittkower and Meyer Schapiro. At this time he also attended night classes at the Art Students League of New York. He supported himself by writing art criticism for major American art magazines between 1959 and 1965. In 1968 Judd bought a five-story cast-iron building, designed by Nicholas Whyte in 1870, at 101 Spring Street for under $70,000, serving as his New York residence and studio. Over the next 25 years, Judd renovated the building floor by floor, sometimes installing works he purchased or commissioned from other artists.

Career

Early work

In the late 1940s, Donald Judd began to practice as a painter. His first solo exhibition, of expressionist paintings, opened in New York in 1957. From the mid-1950s to 1961, as he explored the medium of the woodcut, Judd progressively moved from figurative to increasingly abstract imagery, first carving organic rounded shapes, then moving on to the painstaking craftsmanship of straight lines and angles. His artistic style soon moved away from illusory media and embraced constructions in which materiality was central to the work. He would not have another one person show until the Green Gallery in 1963, an exhibition of works that he finally thought worthy of showing.
By 1963 Judd had established an essential vocabulary of forms — ‘stacks’, ‘boxes’ and ‘progressions’ — which preoccupied him for the next thirty years. Most of his output was in freestanding "specific objects" (the name of his seminal essay of 1965 published in Arts Yearbook 8, 1965), that used simple, often repeated forms to explore space and the use of space. Humble materials such as metals, industrial plywood, concrete and color-impregnated Plexiglas became staples of his career. Judd's first floor box structure was made in 1964, and his first floor box using Plexiglas followed one year later. Also by 1964, he began work on wall-mounted sculptures, and first developed the curved progression format of these works in 1964 as a development from his work on an untitled floor piece that set a hollow pipe into a solid wooden block. While Judd executed early works himself (in collaboration with his father, Roy Judd), in 1964 he began delegating fabrication to professional artisans and manufacturers (such as the industrial manufacturers Bernstein Brothers) based on his drawings. In 1965, Judd created his first stack, an arrangement of identical iron units stretching from floor to ceiling.
As he abandoned painting for sculpture in the early 1960s, he wrote the manifesto-like essay “Specific Objects” in 1964. In his essay, Judd found a starting point for a new territory for American art, and a simultaneous rejection of residual inherited European artistic values, these values being illusion and represented space, as opposed to real space. He pointed to evidence of this development in the works of an array of artists active in New York at the time, including H.C. Westermann, Lucas Samaras, John Chamberlain, Jasper Johns, Dan Flavin, George Earl Ortman and Lee Bontecou. The works that Judd had fabricated inhabited a space not then comfortably classifiable as either painting or sculpture and in fact he refused to call them sculpture, pointing out that they were not sculpted but made by small fabricators using industrial processes. That the categorical identity of such objects was itself in question, and that they avoided easy association with well-worn and over-familiar conventions, was a part of their value for Judd. He displayed two pieces in the seminal 1966 exhibit, "Primary Structures" at the Jewish Museum in New York where, during a panel discussion of the work, he challenged Mark di Suvero's assertion that real artists make their own art. He replied that methods should not matter as long as the results create art; a groundbreaking concept in the accepted creation process. In 1968, the Whitney Museum of American Art staged a retrospective of his work which included none of his early paintings.
In 1968, Judd bought a five-story building in New York that allowed him to start placing his work in a more permanent manner than was possible in gallery or museum shows. This would later lead him to push for permanent installations for his work and that of others, as he believed that temporary exhibitions, being designed by curators for the public, placed the art itself in the background, ultimately degrading it due to incompetency or incomprehension. This would become a major preoccupation as the idea of permanent installation grew in importance and his distaste for the art world grew in equal proportion.

Mature work

In the early 1970s, Judd's art increased in scale and complexity. He started making room sized installations that made the spaces themselves his playground and the viewing of his art a visceral, physical experience. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s he produced radical work that eschewed the classical European ideals of representational sculpture. Judd believed that art should not represent anything, that it should unequivocally stand on its own and simply exist. His aesthetic followed his own strict rules against illusion and falsity, producing work that was clear, strong and definite. Supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, Northern Kentucky University commissioned Judd with a 9 feet (2.7 m) aluminium sculpture that was unveiled in the middle of the school's campus in 1976. Another commission, Untitled (1984), a three-part sculpture out of concrete with steel reinforcements, was installed at Laumeier Sculpture Park.
Judd started using unpainted plywood in the early 1970s, a material the artist embraced for its durable structural qualities, which enabled him to expand the size of his works while avoiding the problem of bending or buckling. Plywood had been the staple of his art earlier, but never unpainted. He later began using Cor-ten steel in the 1980s for a small number of large-scale outdoor pieces, and by 1989 would create single and multi-part works with the material. The Cor-ten works are unique in that they are the only works the artist fabricated in Marfa. The artist began working with enamel on aluminum in 1984, when he commissioned Lehni AG in Switzerland to construct works by bending and riveting thin sheets of the material, a process Judd previously used to create furniture. These pieces were initially created for a temporary outdoor exhibition in Merian Park outside Basel.^{[citation needed]} Judd would continue to produce pieces using these techniques through the early 1990s. Judd’s work with enamel on aluminum greatly expanded his palette of colors, which had previously been restricted to the colors of anodized metal and Plexiglas, and led to the use of more than two colors in an individual artwork. Combining a wide range of colors, he used the material to create five large-scale floor pieces and many horizontal wall works in unique variations of color and size. Judd’s only known work in granite, an untitled Sierra White granite floor piece from 1978, measures 49 x 98 x 98". The structure is composed of two vertical slabs that rest on the floor, to which the bottom component is conjoined, and the ceiling of the structure extends to the outer edges of the vertical walls.

Furniture design and architecture

In his later years, Judd also worked with furniture, design, and architecture. He was careful to distinguish his design practice from his artwork, writing in 1993:

The configuration and the scale of art cannot be transposed into furniture and architecture. The intent of art is different from that of the latter, which must be functional. If a chair or a building is not functional, if it appears to be only art, it is ridiculous. The art of a chair is not its resemblance to art, but is partly its reasonableness, usefulness and scale as a chair...A work of art exists as itself; a chair exists as a chair itself.

The first furniture was designed in 1973, when he moved from New York to Marfa. His designs included chairs, beds, shelves, desks and tables. Judd was initially prompted to design furniture by his own dissatisfaction with what was commercially available in Marfa. Early furniture was made by Judd of rough, lumberyard-cut pine but he continually refined the construction of the wooden pieces, employing craftspeople using a variety of techniques and materials around the world. In 1984, Judd commissioned Lehni AG, in Dübendorf, Switzerland to produce his furniture designs in sheet metal, in finishes of monochrome colored powdercoat based on the RAL colour standard, clear anodized aluminium, or solid copper. These designs are still produced by Lehni AG and sold through the Judd Foundation. In 1984, Judd drew upon his experience with this metal furniture by creating a series of colored artworks using the same techniques of powdercoating and bending. At the time of his death, he was working on designs for a fountain commissioned by the city of Winterthur in 1991, Switzerland, and a new glass facade for a railroad station in Basel, Switzerland.

Chinati Foundation

In the early seventies Judd started making annual trips to Baja California with his family. He was affected by the clean, empty desert and this strong attachment to the land would remain with him for the rest of his life. In 1971 he rented a house in Marfa, Texas as an antidote to the hectic New York art world. From this humble house he would later buy numerous buildings and a 60,000 acre (243 km²) Ayala de Chinati Ranch (not open to the public), almost all carefully restored to his exacting standards. 40,000 acres surrounding the three ranch headquarters were sold under a conservation easement, but Judd Foundation still maintains the buildings and the land immediately surrounding them.
In 1979, with help from the Dia Art Foundation, Judd purchased a 340 acre (1.4 km²) tract of desert land near Marfa, Texas which included the abandoned buildings of the former U.S. Army Fort D. A. Russell. The Chinati Foundation opened on the site in 1986 as a non-profit art foundation, dedicated to Judd and his contemporaries. The permanent collection consists of large-scale works by Judd, sculptor John Chamberlain, light-artist Dan Flavin and select others, including David Rabinowitch, Roni Horn, Ilya Kabakov, Richard Long, Carl Andre and Claes Oldenburg and Coosje Van Bruggen. Judd's work in Marfa includes 15 outdoor works in concrete and 100 aluminum pieces housed in two painstakingly renovated artillery sheds.

Academic work

Judd taught at several academic institutions in the United States: The Allen-Stevenson School (1960s), Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (1962–64); Dartmouth College, Hanover (1966); and Yale University, New Haven (1967). In 1976 he served as Baldwin Professor at Oberlin College in Ohio. Beginning in 1983, he lectured at universities across the United States, Europe and Asia on both art and its relationship to architecture. During his lifetime, Judd published a large body of theoretical writings, in which he rigorously promoted the cause of Minimalist Art; these essays were consolidated in two volumes published in 1975 and 1987.

Exhibitions

The Panoramas Gallery organized his first solo exhibition in 1957. The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, organized the first retrospective of his work in 1968. During this decade, the artist received many fellowships, among them a grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1968. In 1975 the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, organized a Judd exhibition and published a catalogue raisonné of Judd’s work. He participated in his first Venice Biennale in 1980, and in Documenta, Kassel, in 1982.
In 1987, Judd was honored by a large exhibition at the Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven; this show traveled to Düsseldorf, Paris, Barcelona, and Turin. The Whitney Museum organized a second, traveling retrospective of his work in 1988. Another major European survey was mounted by Tate Modern in 2004.

Collections

Judd's work is represented in collections including: the Museum für angewandte Kunst, Vienna; the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Iran; the Hallen für Neue Kunst Schaffhausen, Switzerland; the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Zurich; the Tate Modern and the Tate Britain, London; the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; the Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, IN; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; the Storm King Art Center, Mountainville, New York; the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Dia:Beacon, New York; the Israel Museum, Jerusalem; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington.

Position on the art market

The Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, represented the artist from 1965 to 1985. Judd then worked with Paula Cooper Gallery, New York, where he had a number of solo shows, and PaceWildenstein, which represented him through the end of his life. Judd's work has been represented – through the Judd Foundation – by David Zwirner since 2010.
Prices for Judd's works first peaked in 2002, when a group of six Plexiglas boxes sold for $4.2 million. The largest of Judd's stacks, comprising 10 galvanised iron elements with ten-inch (254 mm) intervals, Untitled, 1977 (77–41 BERNSTEIN) (1977), fetched $9.8 million at Christie's in 2007. Judd's ten-unit sculpture Untitled, 1968 (DSS 120) made of stainless steel and amber Plexiglas was sold for $4.9 million at Christie's New York in 2009. As of 2013, the artist's auction record is held by Untitled (DSS 42) (1963), a large-scale sculpture executed in galvanized iron, aluminum and wood, which sold for $14,165,000 at Christie's New York in 2013.

Judd Foundation

Originally conceived in 1977, and created in 1996, the Judd Foundation was formed in order to preserve the work and installations of Judd in Marfa, Texas and at 101 Spring Street in New York. In 2006, the Judd Foundation decided to auction off about 36 of his sculptures in order to cover the costs of refurbishing the foundation's buildings. The foundation board requested one of its members, publisher Richard Schlagman, to get Christie's and Sotheby's to submit proposals for the sale of a group of works. Christie's offered a reported $21 million guarantee and agreed to display the consigned work for five weeks in New York on the 20th floor of the Simon & Schuster building. Concerns that the sale would have an adverse effect on the market proved unfounded and the exhibition itself won an AICA award for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space" for 2006. The $20 million in proceeds from the sale went into an endowment that enable the Foundation to fulfill its mission, supporting the 16 permanent installations that are located at 101 Spring Street in New York City and Marfa, Texas. Marianne Stockebrand, director of the Chinati Foundation, resigned from her post on the Judd Foundation’s board partly in protest of the auction.
In 2013, the Judd Foundation — led by the artist's children — completed a $23 million renovation of 101 Spring Street.

Personal life

Judd married dancer Julie Finch in 1964 (later divorced) and fathered two children, son Flavin Starbuck Judd and daughter Rainer Yingling Judd. He died in Manhattan of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1994. He had homes in Manhattan, Marfa, Texas and Kussnacht am Rigi, Switzerland.

Donald Judd
Untitled
1956
30 x 38 x 2 inches (76.2 x 96.5 x 5.1 cm)
Oil on canvas

Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1956
32 x 32 x 2 inches (81 x 81.3 x 5.1 cm)
Oil on canvas

Judd Foundation
Alex Marks © Judd Foundation

Donald Judd
Untitled
1956
33 1/2 x 44 x 2 inches (85.1 x 111.8 x 5.1 cm)
Oil on canvas
Judd Foundation

Image: Alex Marks © Judd Foundation

 

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1958
42 x 46 x 2 inches (106.7 x 116.8 x 5.1 cm)
Oil on canvas
Judd Foundation
Image: Alex Marks © Judd Foundation

Donald Judd
Untitled
1961
48 1/8 x 36 1/8 x 4 inches (122.2 x 91.8 x 10.2 cm)
Oil on composition board mounted on wood, with inset tinned steel baking pan
Image: © 2016 The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Barbara Rose

Donald Judd
Untitled
1960‑1961, printed 1978
25 7/8 × 20 13/16 inches (65.7 × 52.9 cm)
Woodcut with watercolor
Image: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Purchase, with funds from the Print Committee 

Donald Judd
Untitled
1961-1978
305 x 340 mm
Woodcut and oil paint on paper
 © Tate, London 2015

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1962
50 1/2 x 45 x 9 5/8 inches (128.3 x 114.3 x 24.4 cm)
Oil paint, enamel paint, wax and sand on wood, and asphalt pipe

Judd Foundation
Image: Joshua White © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1963
19 1/2 x 45 x 30 1/2 inches (49.5 x 114.3 x 77.5 cm)
Light cadmium red oil on wood

Judd Foundation
Image: © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1963
10 3/4 × 14 inches (27.3 × 35.6 cm)
Graphite pencil on paper
Image: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Gift of The Estate of Robert Smithson

 Donald Judd
Untitled (To Susan Buckwalter)
1964
30 x 141 x 30 in (76.2 x 358.2 x 76.2 cm)
Blue lacquer on aluminum and galvanized iron

Judd Foundation
Image: © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1965
10 7/8 x 13 1/2 inches (27.6 x 34.3 cm)
Felt-tip pen and pencil on paper
Image: © 2016 The Museum of Modern Art, New York; The Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection Gift (purchase, and gift, in part, of The Eileen and Cohen Collection)

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1966
48 × 120 × 120 inches (121.9 × 304.8 × 304.8 cm)
Painted steel

Image: Museum of American Art, New York; gift of Howard and Jean Lipman

Donald Judd
Untitled
1967

6 1/8 x 36 1/8 x 26 1/8 inches (15.5 x 91.6 x 66.2 cm)
Stainless steel
Image: © 2016 The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Gift of Philip Johnson

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1968

Dia: Beacon, Riggio Galleries, Beacon, New York. Lannan Foundation, Long-term loan
Image: Erin Goldberger, Courtesy Dia Art Foundation, New York Artwork © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1961-1969
92.8 x 72.8 cm (36 1/2 x 28 3/5)
Woodcut on paper

Collection Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Image: Peter Cox, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Donald Judd
Untitled
1971
Minimum height 36 inches; maximum height 48 inches Outside radius 150 inches; inside radius 132 inches
Concrete

The Glass House
Image by Eric Pollitzer, 1971

Donald Judd
Drawing for Untitled 1973 Structure
1972
17 1/4 x 22 1/4 inches (43.8 x 56.5 cm)
Felt-tip pen on colored paper

Drawing for Untitled 1973 Structure
Image: © 2016 The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Sarah-Ann and Werner H. Kramarsky

 Donald Judd

Untitled
1973
371 x 1943 x 749 mm
Copper

Judd Foundation

Donald Judd
Untitled
1974
26 x 72 x 10 1/8 inches (66.04 x 182.88 x 25.72 cm)
Polished brass

Image: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, purchased with matching funds from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Modern and Contemporary Art Council

 

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1975
10 units each 9 x 40 x 31 inches (22.9 x 101.6 x 78.7 cm)
Galvanized steel
Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled (for Leo Castelli)
1977
84 x 84 x 89 inches (213.36 x 213.36 x 226.06 cm)
Concrete
Image: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Purchased with funds provided by the Modern and Contemporary Art Council and Robert H. Halff

Donald Judd
Untitled
1961-1978
21 3/4 x 30 1/4 inches (55.2 x 76.8 cm)
Woodcut in ivory black on offset paper with red gouache
Image: courtesy David Zwirner

 

Donald Judd
Untitled
1974-1976
91.4 x 152.5 x 152.5 cm (35 4/5 x 60 x 60 inches)
Wood

Collection Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Image: Peter Cox, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Donald Judd
Untitled
1980
229 x 1016 x 787 mm
Aluminum and acrylic sheets
Image: © Tate, London 2015

 

Donald Judd
15 untitled works in concrete
1980-1984
2.5 x 2.5 x 5 meters
Concrete
Image: courtesy Chinati Foundation

 

 Donald Judd
100 untitled works in mill aluminum
1982-1986
41 x 51 x 72 inches (each)
Mill aluminum
Image: courtesy Chinati Foundation

Donald Judd
Untitled
1987
11 1/8 × 15 1/8 inches (28.3 × 38.4 cm)
Graphite pencil on paper
Image: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; purchase, with funds from Leonard A. Lauder in honor of David W. Kiehl

 

Donald Judd
Untitled
1988
60 x 80 cm (23 ½ x 31 ½ inches)
Woodcut on Japanese wove paper Okawara
Judd Foundation

Image: © Judd Foundation

 

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1989
39 3/8 x 78 3/4 x 78 3/4 inches (100 x 200 x 200 cm)
Anodized aluminum clear
Image courtesy David Zwirner

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1989
39 3/8 x 78 3/4 x 78 3/4 inches (100 x 200 x 200 cm)
Anodized aluminum clear and blue with black and amber acrylic sheets
Image courtesy David Zwirner Artwork © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1989
39 3/8 x 78 3/4 x 78 3/4 inches (100 x 200 x 200 cm)
Anodized aluminum clear and blue with black and amber acrylic sheets
Image courtesy David Zwirner Artwork © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1989
36 x 60 x 60 inches (91.4 x 152.4 x 152.4 cm)
Douglas Fir plywood
Image: Ellen Labenski, courtesy Pace Gallery

Donald Judd
Untitled
1990
60 x 80 cm (23 ½ x 31 ½ in)
Woodcut on Japanese wove paper Tosa Hanga

Judd Foundation
Image: © Judd Foundation

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1991
Five units, each: 59 x 59 x 59 inches (149.9 x 149.9 x 149.9 cm)
Mill aluminum
Image: courtesy David Zwirner

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1991
9 7/8 x 39 3/8 x 9 7/8 inches (25 x 100 x 25 cm)
Anodized aluminum clear, red acrylic sheet, and turquoise anodized divider
Image: Adam Reich courtesy David Zwirner

 Donald Judd
Untitled
1991
39 3/8 x 39 3/8 x 19 5/8 inches (100.1 x 100.1 x 49.8 cm) each of 6
Douglas fir plywood, Plexiglas

Dia:Beacon, Riggio Galleries, Beacon, New York. Dia Art Foundation; Gift of Louise and Leonard Riggio
Image: Don Stahl Courtesy Dia Art Foundation, New York

Donald Judd
Untitled
1992
50 x 100 x 50 cm (19 5/8 x 39 5/16 x 19 5/8 inches)
Cor-ten steel and green, yellow, purple, ivory, orange, and black acrylic sheets
Image: Keith Park/Kukje Gallery

Donald Judd
Untitled
1993
46.5 x 46.5 x 4 inches (118.1 x 118.1 x 10.2 cm)
Plywood with center hole
Judd Foundation

Image: Alex Marks © Judd Foundation