Temi

Temi (in greco antico: Θέμις, Themis) o Themis è un personaggio della mitologia greca, figlia di Urano (il cielo) e di Gea (la terra).

Genealogia

Sposa di Zeus ebbe da lui le Ore (Eunomia, Dike ed Eirene), le Moire (Cloto, Lachesi e Atropo) e le ninfe Temeidi.
Eschilo indica Temi come madre di Prometeo nella sua tragedia intitolata Prometeo incatenato.

Mitologia

Il significato del nome Temi è "irremovibile" e forse per questo motivo questa figura mitologica fu considerata non tanto una dea, quanto la personificazione dell'ordine, della giustizia e del diritto, tanto che si usava invocarla nel momento in cui qualcuno doveva prestare un giuramento.
In alcuni casi, Temi è stata anche identificata con la madre Gea.
Fu la seconda moglie di Zeus. Essa inizialmente è la dea del diritto naturale, e passò poi a designare la legge e l'ordine. In Omero svolge il compito di convocare, per comando di Zeus, le assemblee degli dei e di presiedere i loro banchetti. Successivamente il mito la voleva seduta al fianco di Zeus con Dike e Nemesi. Dal matrimonio col padre degli olimpi, secondo la Teogonia (vv.901 sgg.), nacquero le Ore, che Omero presenta nell'Iliade come le custodi delle porte del cielo. Esse sono state immaginate come le divinità che regolavano le stagioni poiché, secondo le credenze dei Greci, dalle porte del cielo uscivano tutti i fenomeni meteorologici. Originariamente il numero delle Ore non era fisso, perché da principio non erano personificate. In primavera le ore passavano gran parte del proprio tempo cantando e danzando con le Muse, le Càriti e con Afrodite, della quale sono le ancelle. Esiodo dice che esse "si prendono cura delle opere dei mortali", perciò nel tempo assunsero una certa importanza anche nella vita umana, in particolare erano considerate protettrici della gioventù. Dato che le stagioni ritornano regolarmente e periodicamente, si sviluppò il concetto che le Ore fossero figlie di Zeus, la suprema divinità dell'ordine universale. Ad Atene le Ore erano inizialmente solamente due: Tallo, la fioritura primaverile, e Carpo, la fruttificazione autunnale; solo più tardi venne aggiunta Auxo, il rigoglio estivo. Anche nella Teogonia sono presenti in numero di tre: Eunomia (la buona usanza), Dike (la giustizia) e Eirene (la pace). Esse erano tre perché in Grecia le stagioni erano tre: primavera, autunno e inverno. Quando in tempi successivi l'anno venne diviso in quattro stagioni, si disse che anche queste fossero quattro.
Secondo altri miti era la padrona dell'oracolo di Delfi prima che Apollo nascesse ed Ovidio narra infatti che l'oscuro responso che diede a Deucalione e Pirra indicasse loro di lanciare dietro di sé le ossa della loro madre. Essi compresero allora che l'oracolo si riferiva alla Terra (Gea) e che dovevano gettare alle loro spalle delle pietre, cosicché quando queste avessero toccato terra si sarebbero trasformate in persone.
Dante Alighieri nomina la dea nel Purgatorio nel canto XXXIII, dove è citata per la sua nebulosa profezia.

Statua di Temi, Università di Chuo, Giappone

Themis

Themis (/ˈθiːmɪs/; Ancient Greek: Θέμις) is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "[the Lady] of good counsel", and is the personification of divine order, fairness, law, natural law, and custom. Her symbols are the Scales of Justice, tools used to remain balanced and pragmatic. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the Greek verb títhēmi (τίθημι), meaning "to put".
To the ancient Greeks she was originally the organizer of the "communal affairs of humans, particularly assemblies". Moses Finley remarked of themis, as the word was used by Homer in the 8th century BCE, to evoke the social order of the 10th- and 9th-century Greek Dark Ages:

Themis is untranslatable. A gift of the gods and a mark of civilized existence, sometimes it means right custom, proper procedure, social order, and sometimes merely the will of the gods (as revealed by an omen, for example) with little of the idea of right.

Finley adds, "There was themis—custom, tradition, folk-ways, mores, whatever we may call it, the enormous power of 'it is (or is not) done'. The world of Odysseus had a highly developed sense of what was fitting and proper."

Mythology

The personification of abstract concepts is characteristic of the Greeks. The ability of the goddess Themis to foresee the future enabled her to become one of the Oracles of Delphi, which in turn led to her establishment as the goddess of divine justice.
Some classical representations of Themis showed her holding a sword, believed to represent her ability to cut fact from fiction; to her there was no middle ground^{[citation needed]} (depictions of Lady Justice wearing a blindfold are modern and not classical). Themis built the Oracle at Delphi and was herself oracular. According to another legend, Themis received the Oracle at Delphi from Gaia and later gave it to Phoebe.
When Themis is disregarded, Nemesis brings just and wrathful retribution; thus Themis shared the Nemesion temple at Rhamnous. Themis is not wrathful: she, "of the lovely cheeks", was the first to offer Hera a cup when she returned to Olympus distraught over threats from Zeus.
Themis presided over the proper relation between man and woman, the basis of the rightly ordered family (the family was seen as the pillar of the deme), and judges were often referred to as "themistopóloi" (the servants of Themis). Such was also the basis for order upon Olympus. Even Hera addressed her as "Lady Themis". The name of Themis might be substituted for Adrasteia in telling of the birth of Zeus on Crete.
Themis was present at Delos to witness the birth of Apollo. According to Ovid, it was Themis rather than Zeus who told Deucalion to throw the bones of "his Mother" over his shoulder to create a new race of humankind after the deluge.

Hesiod's description and contrast to Dike

Themis occurred in Hesiod's Theogony as the first recorded appearance of Justice as a divine personage. Drawing not only on the socio-religious consciousness of his time but also on many of the earlier cult-religions, Hesiod described the forces of the universe as cosmic divinities. Hesiod portrayed temporal justice, Dike, as the daughter of Zeus and Themis.
Dike executed the law of judgments and sentencing and, together with her mother Themis, she carried out the final decisions of Moirai. For Hesiod, Justice is at the center of religious and moral life who, independently of Zeus, is the embodiment of divine will. This personification of Dike stands in contrast to justice viewed as custom or law and as retribution or sentence.

Aeschylean description

In the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, Themis is the mother of Prometheus, and gave him foreknowledge of what was to come. It is said by Prometheus that she is called many names, including Gaéa.

Family

In Greek mythology, Hesiod mentions Themis among the six sons and six daughters of Gaia and Uranus (Earth and Sky). Among these Titans of primordial myth, few were venerated at specific sanctuaries in classical times.
The only consort for Themis mentioned in the sources below is Zeus. One of her few children was called Natura, the Greek goddess of the forest.

Horae: the Hours

With Zeus she more certainly bore the Horae, those embodiments of the right moment – the rightness of order unfolding in time – and Astraea.
First generation:

Auxo (the grower)
Carpo (the fruit-bringer)
Thallo (the plant-raiser)

Second generation:

Dike (justice)
Eirene (peace)
Eunomia (order of law)

Moirai: the Fates

Followers of Zeus claimed that it was with him that Themis produced the Moirai, three Fates. A fragment of Pindar, however, tells that the Moirai were already present at the nuptials of Zeus and Themis; that in fact the Moirai rose with Themis from the springs of Okeanos the encircling world-ocean and accompanied her up the bright sun-path to meet Zeus at Mount Olympus. To compliment Pindar, Hesiod also tells us in the Theogony that the Moirai were bore from Nyx who lay with no one.

Clotho (the weaver)
Lachesis (the lot-caster)
Atropos (the inevitable)

Cult

Themis had several temples in Greece, though they are not described in any great detail by ancient authors. She had temples at the oracular shrine of Zeus at Dodona, at Tanagra, in Athens, and a Temple of Themis Ikhnaia in Phthiotis, Thessalia. Pausanias describe her sanctuary in Thebes in somewhat more detail than what was normally the case and it may therefore have been of more importance:

"Along the road from the Neistan gate [at Thebes, Boiotia] are three sanctuaries. There is a sanctuary of Themis, with an image of white marble; adjoining it is a sanctuary of the Moirai (Moirae, Fates) [her daughters], while the third is of Zeus Agoraios (of the Market)."

Themis also had an altar in Olympia: "On what is called the Stomion (Mouth) the altar to Themis has been built."^[17] Themis was sometimes depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods and may have shared temples with them occasionally, and she is mentioned to have shared a temple with Aphrodite in Epidauros: "Within the grove [of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros] are a temple of Artemis, an image of Epione, a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Themis, a race-course."

Genealogy

Themis' family tree

Uranus

Gaia

Pontus

Oceanus

Tethys

Hyperion

Theia

Crius

Eurybia

The Rivers

The Oceanids

Helios

Selene

Eos

Astraeus

Pallas

Perses

Cronus

Rhea

Coeus

Phoebe

Hestia

Hera

Poseidon

Zeus

Leto

Asteria

Demeter

Hades

Apollo

Artemis

Hecate

Iapetus

Clymene (or Asia)

THEMIS

(Zeus)

Mnemosyne

Atlas

Menoetius

Prometheus

Epimetheus

The Horae

The Muses

Chairestratos: Themis. Marble, c. 300 BC. Found in Rhamnonte, at the temple of Nemesis. Dedicated to Themis by Megacles. National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

Ricardo André Frantz (User:Tetraktys) - taken by Ricardo André Frantz

Statue of Themis, outside the former Law Courts, George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Kiki1196 - Own work

Justitia, Australien.

Fontän med Justitia vid Rådhuset

tra il 1940 e il 1949

Statue of the goddess Themis. Pentelic marble. Found at Rhamnous, Attica, in the small temple of Nemesis. The goddess wears a high-girt chiton, richly draped himation and sandals. The head is inlaid and the right arm was made of a separate piece of marble. Themis, daughter of Uranus and Gaia, was goddess of justice and at Rhamnous she was worshipped in the same temple as Nemesis. According to the inscription on the front base, the statue was carved by Chaerestratus of Rhamnous and was dedicated to Themis by Megacles. About 300 B.C. Accession number: 231. National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Athens, Greece. Source: Museum inscription.

George E. Koronaios - Own work

Statue de Thémis à Cherbourg-Octeville, de Houdon (vers 1810). Restauration par Pierre Bataille (1990) Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828) Description French sculptor Date of birth/death 20 March 1741 20 July 1828 / 15 July 1828 Location of birth/death Versailles Paris Authority control : Q318741 VIAF: 59182549 ISNI: 0000 0000 8138 2274 ULAN: 500003939 LCCN: n79008240 WGA: HOUDON, Jean-Antoine WorldCat

HaguardDuNord - Own work

Legislative Council Building, Hong Kong.

Lo que "mira" la estatua de Temis, Valparaíso.

Themis and Aegeus. Attic red-figure kylix, 440–430 BC. From Vulci.

Kodros Painter - User:Bibi Saint-Pol, own work, 2008-02-16

Statue of Themis, dating from mid-4th century BC, formerly standing before the Stoa basileios in Athens. It currently stands along the portico of the Stoa of Attalus, which houses the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens. Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, November 9 2009.

G.dallorto - Own work

Na zwieńczeniu frontonu budynku widać popiersie Temidy.

sp5uhe - Own work

Bacciarelli Themis

School of Marcello Bacciarelli

Created: fourth quarter of 18th century

Amadeo (Italian Amedeo, sometimes anglicized as Amadeus) ( 30 May 1845 – 18 January 1890) was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy. He was the second son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and was known for most of his life as Duke of Aosta, but served briefly as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. Granted the hereditary title Duke of Aosta in the year

Vicente Palmaroli 1872

Aichi Prefectural Tsushima High School Themis statue

愛知県立津島高校にあるテミス像（正義の女神）。剣と天秤を持つ正義の女神は司法・裁判の公正を表す象徴として裁判所や法律事務所などに飾らている。

Kk1202 - Opera propria

Alexander I by I.Martos (1822, GIM) by shakko

Бюст. Выставка "Национальная портретная галерея", ГИМ, 2012

Shakko - Opera propria

Rio de Janeiro - Programa Por dentro do Palácio, do CCPJ- Rio, promove visitas guiadas por atores interpretando a deusa protetora das leis e dos juramentos, Têmis (Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil)Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil - http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/cultura/foto/2014-01/visitas-guiadas-por-atores-ao-palacio-da-justica

Auburn (WA) Justice Center is decorated with sheet metal images of Themis

User:Vmenkov - Fotografia autoprodotta

Cluj County, Romania

Statue of the goddess Themis outside the Supreme Court of Queensland in George Street, Brisbane.

orderinchaos - Opera propria

Catherine II as Themis by M.Kozlovsky (1796, GRM) by shakko

Козловский Михаил Иванович. Екатерина II в образе Фемиды/ 1796 Мрамор.144 х 83 х 85 Государственный Русский музей, Санкт-Петербург Верхний вестибюль

shakko - Opera propria

Themis statue, Chuo University Suginami High School.

Themis-jp - 撮影者自身

Corvinus University of Budapest, west facade, Themis, Heracles, Athena statues, 2016 Budapest.

En manos de la justicia
a national monument in Chile

Gallardoval - Opera propria

Gdańsk - a detail of a villa in Sobótki
Andrzej Otrębski

Hotel Erbgericht, Bad Schandau

Panek - Own work

Statue of Themis, on the honour stairways of Hôtel de Blossac

Trizek - Own work

Seguaci del Sansovino (Tiziano Minio, Girolamo Lombardo, Danese Cattaneo), fregio della loggetta, rilievo in marmo raffigurante Venezia sotto forma di Giustizia

yair haklai - Own work

In a classical temple, a bearded half-naked man shows a document to a crowd of animals including a dragon, dogs, a buck, a bull. Above the man a female figure (Themis, allegory of the law) holding a hellebarde and a laurel crown, to be put on the head of the man.
Unknown 1736

Justice by Pierre Subleyras

18th century

The lion standing at the left side of the monumental entrance of the Arsenale in Venice is an Ancient Greek sculpture, originally at the Piraeus in Athens, brought to Venice by Francesco Morosini, who conquered the Peloponnesus. Themis by Giovanni Antonio Comino,

Yair Haklai - Own work

close to Miodowa Street in Warsaw

Wistula - Own work

Themis statue, the greek goddess of Justice, and cartouche : COME INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH NATIONS LISTEN TO THE LAW
Monument de Joseph Sec Thémis

Le Passant - Own work

Warschau, Neustadt

Wistula - Own work

Rådhuset-Huvudentrén

in the RAÄ buildings database.

Sokrates Petalidis - Own work

Statua di Temi

Донецк. Фемида

Andrew Butko

Tarnów - Themis statue at the District Courthouse building

Andrzej Otrębski - Own work

Płaskorzeźba Temidy na elewacji gmachu Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie (tzw. Sądy na Lesznie - dziedziniec wewnętrzny)

Adrian Grycuk - Opera propria

Statue of Themis, Law Courts, Gdansk, Poland

LukaszKatlewa - Opera propria

Temida-bogini sprawiedliwości, symbol prawników (przeróbka na negatyw)

SPUTNIK 1 - Opera propria

Temis, La Paz, Bolivia

Camil Mendoza - Opera propria

The Goddess of Justice

1896

Statue of "Themis", the "Goddess of Justice" The Law Courts Complex, George Street, Brisbane ( this photograph was taken by Figaro )

photo .Figaro

Themis solemn promise

Marccus - Opera propria

Themis and behind her two more Allegorical statues by Giovanni Antonio Comino at Solid ground entrance to Arsenale in Venice

Yair Haklai - Opera propria

Themis image of 1890's

Themis-jp - 撮影者自身

Themis image of 1920's

Themis-jp - 撮影者自身

アメリカ司法省により225周年記念で作られたブロンズ像。

Themis-jp - 撮影者自身

The statue of Themis on the first floor in the Vilnius Town hall

Alma Pater - Opera propria

Femida, 1910. SPb Magazine "Вестник знания" №3 - 1910, march.
unk; в источнике не указан; scanned and processed by User:Vizu (2009) - Журнал Битнера "Вестник знания", СПб, №3, март 1910 года;

Femida, 1916. SPb Magazine "Жизнь и судъ", №12 - 1916, march.unk; в источнике не указан; scanned and processed by User:Vizu (2009) - Еженедельный журнал "Жизнь и суд", СПб, №12, март 1916 года;