Ebe - Iuventas/Hebe - Juventas

Ebe

Ebe (in greco antico: Ἥβη, Hḗbē) nella mitologia greca è la divinità della gioventù, figlia di Zeus e di Era. La sua figura appare più volte nei poemi omerici e viene citata anche da Esiodo.
Nel monte Olimpo Ebe era l'enofora, l'ancella delle divinità, a cui serviva nettare e ambrosia (nell'Iliade, libro IV). Il suo successore fu il giovane principe troiano Ganimede. Nel libro V dell'Iliade è anche colei che immerge il fratello Ares nell'acqua, dopo la battaglia con Diomede.
Nell'Odissea (libro XI) è la sposa di Eracle (anche se l'autenticità del brano non è certa). Euripide comunque la cita nelle Eraclidi.
Non sono sopravvissuti miti relativi a Ebe.
Il suo opposto nella mitologia greca è Geras, mentre la dea corrispondente nella mitologia romana è Iuventas.

Mito

È citata nella Teogonia come figlia di Zeus e di Era, sorella di Ilizia e Ares. Eppure, una tradizione vivida vuole che lei sia figlia solamente di Era - sedutasi su una lattuga, precisa una fonte tarda. Oleno fa di Era la madre di Ebe e di Ares, senza menzionare il padre; Pindaro fa lo stesso per Ebe e Ilizia.
Nell'Iliade la sua ascendenza è citata tre volte: serve agli Dèi da coppiera, versando loro l'ambrosia e il nettare; cura le ferite che Diomede ha inflitto a suo fratello Ares; aiuta Era ad agganciare il suo carro. Il primo ruolo di coppiera non sembra essere la sua attività principale: è menzionato solo una volta, e anche Efesto viene riferito a questo ufficio. Iris è più frequentemente associata a questo ruolo, sia nei testi sia nell'iconografia, prima di essere sostituita da Ganimede.
Secondo l'Odissea, la Teogonia e Il catalogo delle donne, ella sposa Eracle (o Ercole) dopo l'apoteosi di questo. Ne ha due figli, Alessiare e Aniceto. Nonostante ciò, il tema della salita al Cielo dell'eroe, che può essere datato dal VI secolo a.C., sembra far ipotizzare che queste citazioni siano interpolate. Aristarco di Samotracia aveva già smentito il passaggio incriminato dell'Odissea, considerandolo contraddittorio con quello dell'Iliade in cui Ebe fa il bagno ad Ares, dicendo che il fatto di bagnare qualcuno è dovere delle giovani ragazze - ha torto, poiché il bagno è preparato piuttosto dalle serve domestiche.
Considerando che l'eterna giovinezza è una delle caratteristiche degli Dèi dell'Olimpo è difficile valutare esattamente il suo ruolo. Forse in un periodo arcaico del mito la sua presenza era necessaria per conferire agli dèi la loro perenne giovinezza.

Culto

Ad Ebe era dedicato un famoso tempio a Corinto ed era particolarmente venerata a Sicione, a Flio e ad Atene dove vi era un altare a lei dedicato, nel ginnasio ateniese di Cinosarge, vicino a quello di Eracle.

Rappresentazioni

Nell'arte greca, Ebe è la maggior parte delle volte rappresentata in compagnia di Eracle. Un ariballo di Corinto e qualche vaso attico, dalle figure nere o rosse, dipingono anche le sue nozze con un eroe sull'Olimpo. Appare ugualmente come coppiera di Zeus o di Era su dei vasi attici dalle figure rosse, ma senza che la sua identificazione sia certa. Inoltre, è spesso dipinta come compagna della dea Afrodite. La si vede spesso come una dolce giovane ragazza.
In arte, è una nota statua di Antonio Canova, di cui esistono quattro versioni: la definitiva si trova ai musei di San Domenico a Forlì; le altre sono custodite presso l'Alte Nationalgalerie di Berlino e al museo dell'Ermitage a San Pietroburgo.

Evocazioni artistiche

• Les Fête di Hébé è un'opera lirica di Jean-Philippe Rameau. Ebe è anche un personaggio de Les Indes galantes dello stesso Rameau.
• Il canto di Ebe, dal Lucifero di Mario Rapisardi, Edizioni Ricordi, t.s. 1883.

Influenza culturale

A Ebe sono intitolati l'Hebes Chasma e l'Hebes Mensa su Marte.

Antonio Canova, Ebe, Hermitage

Antonio Canova - Mak Thorpe, 1999

Creato: tra il 1800 e il 1805

Iuventas

Iuventas (parola in latino che significa "giovinezza") era una divinità della mitologia romana.
Fu associata alla dea greca Ebe e proteggeva gli adolescenti che le offrivano sacrifici (istituiti dal re Servio Tullio) nel momento in cui, indossando la toga virile, cessavano di essere ragazzi per diventare uomini. Proteggeva inoltre le associazioni giovanili.
Ebbe un culto sul Campidoglio, più tardi inglobato nel tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo al momento della costruzione di quest'ultimo, alla fine del VI secolo a.C.: secondo il resoconto di Tito Livio erano infatti state interpellate dall'augure Atto Navio le varie divinità che venivano onorate sul Campidoglio per conoscere il loro volere in merito alla cessione del luogo a Giove. Avendo Iuventas rifiutato, le fu conservato un sacello (aedicula) all'interno della cella dedicata a Minerva.
Nel 207 a.C. Marco Livio Salinatore votò un tempio alla Iuventas durante la battaglia del Metauro. I lavori, iniziati mentre rivestiva la carica di censore, furono completati nel 191 a.C. da Gaio Licinio Lucullo (duovir aedis dedicandae) duoviro preposto all'inaugurazione dei templi. La collocazione dell'edificio è riferita in Circo Maximo, ossia presso il Circo Massimo, probabilmente sulle pendici dell'Aventino.
Dopo un incendio nel 16 a.C. il tempio (o forse solo l'edicola nel tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo) fu ricostruito da Augusto.
Nel poema dei "Fasti" di Ovidio la dea, assimilata con Ebe, figlia di Giove e di Giunone e sposa di Ercole, spiega come il nome del mese di giugno (Iunius) derivi dal suo nome, e non da Iuno (Giunone) o da iungere (unificare).
La dea è raffigurata sul rovescio di un denario del 140 d.C., che commemora l'assunzione della toga virile da parte di Marco Aurelio.

Louise Henriette de Bourbon as Hebe by Jean-Marc Nattier (1744)

Jean-Marc Nattier and workshop - Sotheby's

Hebe

 

Hebe (/ˈhiːˌbiː/; Greek: Ἥβη) in ancient Greek religion, is the goddess of youth (Roman equivalent: Juventas). She is the daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hebe was the cupbearer for the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, serving their nectar and ambrosia, until she was married to Heracles (Roman equivalent: Hercules); her successor was the divine hero Ganymede. Another title of hers, for this reason, is Ganymeda. She also drew baths for her brother Ares and helped Hera enter her chariot.
Hebe was supposed to have the power to give eternal youth, and in art is typically seen with her father in the guise of an eagle, often offering a cup to her. This depiction is seen in classical engraved gems as well as later art and seems to relate to a belief that the eagle (like the phoenix) had the ability to renew itself to a youthful state.

Etymology

The Greek ἥβη is the inherited word for "youth", from Proto-Indo-European *(H)iēg^w-eh₂-, "youth, vigour".

Ancient religion

Hebe is the daughter of Zeus and Hera. In an alternative version, her mother became pregnant merely by eating a lettuce plant when dining with Apollo.
In Euripides' play Heracleidae, Hebe granted Iolaus' wish to become young again in order to fight Eurystheus. Hebe had two children with Heracles: Alexiares and Anicetus.
The name Hebe comes from Greek word meaning "youth" or "prime of life". Juventus likewise means "youth", as can be seen in such derivatives as juvenile. In art, Hebe is usually depicted wearing a sleeveless dress. The Phliasians, who lived near Sicyon, honored Hebe (whom they called Dia) by pardoning supplicants. Hebe was also worshipped as a goddess of pardons or forgiveness; freed prisoners would hang their chains in the sacred grove of her sanctuary at Phlius.

In post-classical art

Hebe was a remarkably popular subject in art in the period from about 1750 to 1880, having attracted little artistic attention before or after, although one of the headless figures from the Parthenon pediment in the British Museum might represent her. In the later period many depictions were portraits of ladies as Hebe, for which at a minimum the only modifications to a normal costume needed were a flowing white dress, some flowers in the hair and a cup to hold. Most artists added an eagle, and a setting amid the clouds. In French there was a special term "en Hébé" for the costume. The personification appears in rococo, Grand Manner and Neoclassical styles. Even some very aristocratic models allowed a degree of nudity, such as exposing a single breast, though this was often much greater in non-portrait depictions.
Jean-Marc Nattier painted a Rohan princess as Hebe in 1737, and then the royal Louise Henriette of Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans (1744) and another duchess the same year as Hebe, the latter with a breast exposed. François-Hubert Drouais painted Marie-Antoinette, when Dauphine, en Hébé in 1773, and Angelica Kauffman and Gaspare Landi both painted several Hebe's. Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun tells in her memoirs how she painted the 16-year-old Miss Anna Pitt, daughter of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, as Hebe in Rome, with a real eagle she borrowed from Cardinal de Bernis. The bird was furious at being brought indoors to her studio and badly frightened her, though it looks relatively harmless in the painting (now in the Hermitage Museum). An entirely nude depiction by Ignaz Unterberger was a huge success in Vienna in 1795, and bought by Emperor Francis II for a large amount; the artist was also made a court painter.
In sculpture Hebe began to flourish as a subject slightly later, but continued longer. Antonio Canova sculpted four different versions of his statue of Hebe, and there are many later copies. This had no accompanying eagle, but including the bird was a challenge accepted by several later sculptors. An elaborate marble group with a naked Hebe and the eagle with wings outspread was started in 1852 by the elderly François Rude but unfinished by his death in 1855. Finished by his widow and another it is now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon and was very popular in bronze versions, with one in Chicago. Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse produced another spectacular group, with the eagle perched above a sleeping Hebe (1869, now Musée d'Orsay, Paris). Jean Coulon (1853-1923) produced another group about 1886, with versions in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice, Nice and the Stanford Museum in California.
Especially in America, figures of Hebe continued to be popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century for garden fountains and temperance fountains, and were widely available in cast stone. Tarentum, Pennsylvania, United States displays two such cast stone statues of Hebe. The mold for these statues was donated to the borough by the Tarentum Book Club on 6 June 1912. In Vicksburg, Mississippi, the Bloom Fountain installed in 1927 near the municipal rose garden, thanks to a bequest of $6,500 in the will of Louis Bloom, features a Hebe of cast zinc. At Bowling Green, Kentucky, the Hebe fountain in Fountain Square follows Canova's model, in patinated cast iron, purchased in 1881 from the J. L. Mott Iron Works of New York, at a cost of $1500. Similar Hebe fountains, probably also from Mott, are located in Court Square, Memphis, Tennessee and in Montgomery, Alabama, and one with bronze patination was formerly the Starkweather Fountain in Ypsilanti, Michigan, installed in 1889.
There is a bronze statue of Hebe, by Robert Thomas; (1966), in Birmingham city centre, England.

Genealogy

Hebe's family tree
Alcmene  Zeus Hera     a       b  Heracles HEBE Ares Eileithyia Hephaestus Alexiares Anicetus

 

Pierre Gobert, before 1744, Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, daughter of the Regent of France

Pierre Gobert - photo.rmn.fr

Portrait de Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, duchesse de Modène (1700-1761) - en Hébé

Juventas

Juventas was the ancient Roman goddess whose sphere of tutelage was youth and rejuvenation. She was especially the goddess of young men "new to wearing the toga" (dea novorum togatorum)—that is, those who had just come of age.
Several voluntary associations (collegia) were formed for Juventas in the Italian municipalities, as attested by inscriptions.

Temple and early cult

Juventas had a shrine within the cella of Minerva on the Capitoline that probably dates no earlier than 218 BC, at which time she was identified with the Greek Hebe. According to Dionysius and Livy, both she and the god Terminus are supposed to have "refused" the ceremony of reversal (exauguratio) performed when Tarquin wished to rebuild the temple district on the Capitoline. Although other deities were relocated, these two were incorporated into the new structure. Dionysius also records that the semi-legendary king Servius Tullius established a temple fund for Juventas, to which each family had to contribute. The view that she was a part of archaic Roman religion depends mainly on these two aetiological legends, as she has no presence in the early history of Roman festivals.
On the advice of the Sibylline books, which were consulted amid anxieties surrounding the Second Punic War, Juventas was included in sacrifices in 218 BC relating to a lectisternium, a public banquet at which divine images were displayed as if the deities were participating. Like other deities whose cult was ordained by the Sibylline books, Juventas was venerated ritu graeco, according to "Greek" rite. Also at the lectisternium of 218 BC, a supplication was performed at the Temple of Hercules. In Greek myth, the divinized Hercules had Hebe as his wife. The cultivation of both deities at the time of the Second Punic War seems intended to reinvigorate men of fighting age: Juventas "was regarded as a powerful divine force rendering a vital gift of strength at a critical moment." This occasion is also the first time the Genius Publicus ("Genius of the People") is recorded. After the disastrous Battle of Lake Trasimene in April 217 BC, Juventas, Hercules, and the Genius Publicus were excluded for a time from divine honors, as they were not felt to have been efficacious. Marcus Livius Salinator vowed a temple to her during the Battle of the Metaurus, when he faced Hasdrubal in 207 BC—an indication that Juventas was still felt to have potency.
A procession (supplicia canum) in which Romans carried crucified dogs passed between the Temple of Juventas and that of Summanus. A late source dates the "punishment of the dogs" to August 3.

Imperial era

On Imperial coins, Juventas and Spes ("Hope") are often associated with the reigning Caesar. A supplication to Juventas and Spes marked the anniversary of Augustus's coming of age. Juventas was among the many Virtutes ("Virtues") to appear on the coinage of Antoninus Pius.

 Nolan amphora: Athena and Hebe: a youth. The Painter of London E342, about 460 BC. inv. II 1b 634

shakko - Fotografia autoprodotta

 

Hebe Giving Drink to the Eagle of Jupiter - Gavin Hamilton (1767). 

 Nolan amphora: Athena and Hebe: a youth. The Painter of London E342, about 460 BC. inv. II 1b 634 

shakko - Fotografia autoprodotta

 François-Hubert Drouais, Marie-Antoinette, en Hébé, 1773

 Ganymede on Olympus, surrounded by Zeus who offered him a cock, a goddess crowning him and Hebe. Side A of an Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 510 BC. 

sconosciuto

Joshua Reynolds, 1785, Mrs. Musters as Hebe

 Hebe offering cup to Jupiter in form of eagle by Gaspare Landi (1790).

Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Portrait of Anna Pitt as Hebe, 1792

 Princess Teofila Radziwiłł, wife of Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, by Józef Peszka, 1802–06

Teofila Radziwiłł as Hebe by Józef Peszka. Theophile Ignatyevna Chernyshev, née Morawska / Moravskaya (1791-1828). First married in 1805 the Osip Starzhenskim, 1809 second marriage to Prince Dominik Radziwill, Dominik Hieronim Radziwill. After his death from wounds in 1812, in 1813 had third marriage with AI Chernyshev (1786 -1857). In 1819 she left him and went to Paris in 1822, followed by a divorce.

Kupferstich (1795) von Tommaso Piroli (1752 – 1824) nach einer Zeichnung (1793) von John Flaxman (1755 – 1826).

Portrait of Hebe, oil on canvas

Charles Picqué (1799-1869)

 Eduard Ströhling - Hebe karmiąca orła

1800

 Fredric Westin - Hebe and the Eagle of Jupiter

 Hebe nach ihrem FallGeorg Papperitz - Illustrierter Katalog der Münchener Jahresausstellung von Kunstwerken aller Nationen im königl. Glaspalaste 1889, 1. Auflage, ausgegeben am 1. Juli, München 1889

Gustav-Adolphe Diez - Hebe with Jupiter in the Guise of an Eagle, 1826

Hebe (from Antonio Canova).

Illustrated by Engravings on Wood. - Greek Mythology Systematized by Sarah Amelia Scull. Publisher: Porter & Coates. 1880. P.144

 Hebe - Abbott Handerson Thayer (1890)

Hebe - Gaspare Landi (1798)

Hebe by Domenico Cunego
18th century

Hebe by Ramos y Albertos
1784

Greek Goddess Hebe

Unknown - Dr. Vollmers Wörterb

Hebe feeding Jupiter's eagle - Henry William Beechey 18th century

Hebe Giving Drink to the Eagle of Jupiter - Gavin Hamilton (1767)

Hebe offering cup to Jupiter in form of eagle by Gaspare Landi (1790).  

Hebe tränkt den Adler des Jupiter by Angelica Kauffmann
19th-century

Hebe, Cup-bearer of the Gods - Gaspare Landi (1790)

   Hebe

Demeter Laccataris - Fine Arts in Hungary: circa 1830

 

 Hebe after the fall 

Hugues Merle - Salon de 1880

 

Lille carolus duran

Hébé 

 

 Jacques Louis Dubois - Hebe

Jacques Louis Dubois (French, 1768-1843) - Unknown

 Watercolour and gouache over lithographic line, on laid paper. Inscribed: Ie Lithoge de C. M. R des Marais 13. Numbered: 21. Dimensions: 68.6 cm. by 50.8 cm. To be executed in gilt bronze, rouge and black marble; enamel dial; black marble platform. A female figure with ewer and wine cup, one elbow resting on an altar topped by a lyre and a laurel wreath and containing the clock, its dial surrounded by floral motifs, a half-column to the side supporting a two-handled covered urn. The frieze with quivers suspending swags of rose flowers, with butterflies above. Hebe, the Greek goddess of Youth, (Roman: Juventas), was the daughter of Jupiter and Juno and wed Hercules on his apotheosis to Olympus, the seat of the gods. She was cupbearer and general handmaiden to the gods, hence the winged caps to the front of the altar below the dial in the present design. A wine ewer and cup were her attributes. She is most frequently depicted offering an eagle (Jupiter in one of his guises) a cup of nectar that she has just poured from her ewer.

Unknown

 

Wenceslas Hollar - The Greek gods. Jupiter

Unknown date (author lived 1607-1677) 

    ebe by Samuel Nahl, 1791, Italian marble - Germanisches Nationalmuseum - Nuremberg, Germany

 Jean Coulon, Celestial Hebe, c. 1886 Marble 

David Monniaux  

The fountain in Court Square, Montgomery, Alabama

Chris Pruitt - Opera propria

The bronze figure of Hebe, by Robert Thomas used to be on Holloway Circus, Birmingham but is now on James Watt Queensway, in the Steelhouse Conservation Area of that city. It was made in 1966.

Elliott Brown

Hebe by Bertel Thorvaldsen

1816

 

Leonhard Kern: Hebe, Schwäbisch Hall after 1648, ivory. Skulpturensammlung (Inv. no. 716), Bode-Museum Berlin (1690/1694 mentioned in the inventory of the Royal „Kunstkammer“ collection).

Leonhard Kern - Fotografia autoprodotta

The Hebe Fountain in Eagles Park, Roseburg, Oregon, U.S. (circa 2002), features a replica of a sculpture of Hebe by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. A Hebe Fountain stood from 1908 to 1912 at the corner of Cass and Main in Roseburg; it was damaged by a runaway team of horses, never re-erected, and its whereabouts are unknown. The original 1908 fountain and sculpture was sponsored by the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the 1895 Mental Health Club (now Roseburg Women's Club). This recent statue in Eagles Park is in part a tribute to that earlier statue..

Joe Mabel

  Hebetempel im Schlosspark Neustrelitz 2007 

Barghaan

 Schlossgarten 

Reinicke & Rubin, Magdeburg

1912

 Göttin Hebe (Hebetempel) in Neustrelitz (copy from c. 1840 of a statue by Antonio Canova)

 Ruchhöft-Plau - Fotografia autoprodotta

Hebe endormie-Albert Ernest Carrier Belleuse 

(1869)

 Hebe et l'aigle de Jupiter. Marbre sculpté par François Rude. Exécuté d'après l'esquisse de 1852, pour répondre à la commande de la ville de Dijon. Achevé par Paul Cabet, après la mort de François Rude.

François Rude - François de Dijon

A statue of Hebe in Ballarat, Australia - donated by John Permewan J.P

Mattinbgn 

Dans la salle Roman antiquities in Musée Saint-Remi .

G.Garitan - Own workHercule et Hébé

 Isola Bella ( Lago Maggiore ). Borromean palace: Statue of godess Hebe.

Wolfgang Sauber - Own work

 

 Johann Baptist Straub: Hebe und Kybele, um 1772, Lindenholz, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum in München 

Rufus46 - Own work

 

 Hébé 

Laurent Marqueste

 

 Hébé au Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. 

Jean Pierre Victor Huguenin - Own work

 

 Jean Coulon, Hébé, 1888, groupe en marbre, Nice (Alpes-Maritimes, France), musée des beaux-arts Jules Chéret. 

Finoskov - Own work

 

 East Pediment - left side of the Parthenon at British Museum. From left Helios in his horse drawn chariot, Dionysos, Demeter and her daughter Persephone, And Hebe.

Yair Haklai (Own work)

 Royal Masonic Hospital, Statues of Hebe and Aesculapius

 Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) & Behles, Edmund (1841-1924) - n. 0x98 - Ebe di Gibson (Roma) (dated on back 1868)

 

 Päivi Pylvänäinen as Hebé in a Sibelius-Academy Opera production of Rameau's Les Indes galantes, Helsinki 2013

 Lebha - Own work