L'isola degli zombies

L'isola degli zombies (White Zombie) è un film del 1932, diretto da Victor Halperin e interpretato da Bela Lugosi, Madge Bellamy e John Harron.
Viene generalmente considerato il primo film della storia del cinema a presentare la figura dello zombie..
Haiti,XIX secolo: per impedire il matrimonio di Neil e Madeleine, il geloso Beaumont (ricco signore di stanza ad Haiti), chiede aiuto a Legendre, che ha appreso le pratiche magiche dell'isola caraibica, grazie alle quali guida un gruppo di zombie fatti lavorare come schiavi nelle proprie piantagioni di zucchero. Madeleine viene apparentemente fatta morire e poi trasformata in una creatura fredda ed inerte, del tutto priva di quella vitalità che aveva fatto innamorare Beaumont. Questi prova quindi a ribellarsi a Legendre, ma senza fortuna: spetterà a Neil sconfiggere il malefico negromante e i suoi mostruosi aiutanti.

Il film

Il poster originale del film

Pur rifacendosi indirettamente ad idee già presenti in pellicole precedenti come Il gabinetto del dottor Caligari (di Robert Wiene, del 1920, dove una figura di sonnambulo, controllato da un personaggio malefico, compie incoscientemente dei crimini) e Per la patria (di Abel Gance, del 1919, dove un gruppo di caduti in guerra viene fatto tornare dall'aldilà e fatto marciare contro i vivi), White Zombie può considerarsi di fatto il primo film a portare sullo schermo il personaggio dello zombie. Siamo, però, ancora lontani dall'antropofago romeriano che si imporrà all'immaginario collettivo da La notte dei morti viventi in poi: gli esseri comandati da Legendre sembrano piuttosto essere sospesi tra la vita e la morte, immersi in uno stato che li rende invincibili anche alle pallottole, ma comunque reversibile. D'altronde, qui i fratelli Halperin si rifanno direttamente alla tradizione culturale del voodoo haitiano (poi ripresa, seppur in ascendenza dichiaratamente romeriana, in Zombi 2 di Lucio Fulci), fatto conoscere agli americani qualche anno prima dal libro Magic Island dell'antropologo William Seabrock. Gli zombie qui non sono quindi ancora formalmente morti viventi, benché il loro incedere lento e inesorabile, la loro fissità e la loro apparente invulnerabilità rendano comunque il film un archetipo cinematografico. Ciò detto, L'isola degli zombies si pone nel filone di quel cinema horror hollywoodiano nato, sulla scia dell'espressionismo tedesco, appena l'anno prima col Dracula di Tod Browning, col quale condivide il grande Bela Lugosi nella parte del villain: il dottor Legendre, spesso inquadrato in primi e primissimi piani dal taglio di luce tipicamente espressionista, che abita un oscuro maniero non molto dissimile da quello del conte transilvano. Proprio grazie all'interpretazione di Lugosi (ancora vicino alla tipicità attoriale dei tempi del muto), oltre che alla propria importanza storica, L'isola degli zombies va considerato un piccolo classico della storia del cinema.

Distribuzione

Il film fu distribuito dalla United Artists e uscì nelle sale il 4 agosto 1932.

Data di uscita

USA 4 agosto 1932
Germania Ovest 7 luglio 1989 (TV premiere of original version)
Finlandia 25 giugno 1996 (prima TV)

Alias:

White Zombie USA (titolo originale)
A fehér zombi Ungheria (imdb display title)
L'isola degli zombies Italia
La legión de los hombres sin alma Spagna
Lefko zombi Grecia (titolo DVD)
Les Morts-vivants Francia
The White Zombie Germania Ovest (spelling alternativo)

Valkoinen zombi Finlandia
Vit vålnad Svezia

White Zombie is a 1932 American pre-Code horror film directed and independently produced by Victor and Edward Halperin. The screenplay by Garnett Weston, based on The Magic Island by William Seabrook, tells the story of a young woman's transformation into a zombie at the hands of an evil voodoo master. Béla Lugosi stars as the antagonist, Murder Legendre, with Madge Bellamy appearing as his victim. Other cast members included Robert W. Frazer, John Harron, and Joseph Cawthorn.
Large portions of White Zombie were shot on the Universal Studios lot, borrowing many props and scenery from other horror films of the era. White Zombie opened in New York to negative reception, with reviewers criticizing the film's over-the-top story and weak acting performances. While the film made a substantial financial profit as an independent feature, it proved to be less popular than other horror films of the time.
White Zombie is considered the first feature length zombie film. A sequel to the film, titled Revolt of the Zombies, opened in 1936. Modern reception to White Zombie has been more positive than its initial release. Some critics have praised the atmosphere of the film, comparing it to the 1940s horror film productions of Val Lewton, while others still have an unfavorable opinion on the quality of the acting.

Plot summary

On arrival in Haiti, Madeleine Short reunites with her fiancé Neil Parker, with imminent plans to be married. On the way to their lodging, the couple's coach passes Murder Legendre, an evil voodoo master, who observes them with interest and manages to grab Madeleine's scarf. Neil and Madeleine arrive at the home of the wealthy plantation owner, Charles Beaumont. Charles's love of Madeleine prompts him to meet Murder secretly in Murder's sugarcane mill, operated entirely by zombies. Charles wants to convince Madeleine to marry him and solicits Murder's supernatural assistance. Murder states that the only way to help Charles is to transform Madeleine into a zombie with a potion. Beaumont agrees and surreptitiously gives the potion to Madeleine. Shortly after Madeleine and Neil's wedding ceremony, the potion takes effect on Madeleine and she appears to die. After her funeral, Murder and Charles enter Madeleine's tomb at night and Murder revives her as a zombie. Drunk and depressed, Neil imagines ghostly apparitions of Madeleine and goes to her tomb. Finding it empty, Neil seeks assistance from the local missionary, Dr. Bruner, who recounts how Murder turned many of his rivals into zombies, who now guard his estate. The two men journey to Murder's cliffside castle to rescue Madeleine.
At the castle, Charles has begun to regret Madeleine's transformation and begs Murder to return her to life, but Murder refuses. After drinking a glass of wine offered by Murder, Charles realizes it is tainted with the potion and is transforming him into a zombie. As Neil enters the fortress, Murder senses his presence and silently orders Madeleine to kill Neil. She approaches Neil with a knife, but Bruner stops her. Neil follows Madeleine to an escarpment, where Murder commands his zombie guardians to kill Neil. Bruner approaches Murder and knocks him out, breaking Murder's mental control over his zombies. Undirected, the zombies topple off the cliff. Murder awakens and eludes Neil and Bruner, but Charles pushes Murder off the cliff. Charles loses his balance and also falls to his death. Murder's death releases Madeleine from her zombie trance, and she awakens to embrace Neil.

Cast

Béla Lugosi as 'Murder' Legendre, a white Haitian voodoo master who commands a crew of zombies.
Madge Bellamy as Madeleine Short Parker, the fiancée of Neil who is turned into a zombie by Murder Legendre.
John Harron as Neil Parker, a bank employee.
Robert Frazer as Charles Beaumont, a plantation owner who is in love with Madeleine.
Clarence Muse as the coach driver, who drives Madeleine and Neil in Haiti.
Joseph Cawthorn as Dr. Bruner: a missionary who later helps Neil Parker save Madeleine.
Brandon Hurst as Silver, Beaumont's butler.
George Burr Macannan as Von Gelder, a formerly rich man who has fallen under Legendre's spell to become a zombie.
Frederick Peters as Chauvin, a former executioner who has become a zombie under Legendre's control.
Annette Stone as Maid.
John Printz as Ledot, a zombie.
Dan Crimmins as Pierre, a witch doctor.
Claude Morgan as zombie.
John Fergusson as zombie.
Velma Gresham as Tall Maid.

Production

White Zombie went into development in early 1932. The Halperins leased office space from Universal Studios to get their film (then titled Zombie) underway. The film's zombie theme was inspired by the Broadway play by Kenneth Webb titled Zombie. The screenplay for White Zombie was written by Garnett Weston. Weston's screenplay focuses more on action than dialog. To aid the Halperins, producer Phil Goldstone helped secure funds for White Zombie as he had for other independent films at the time.
White Zombie was filmed in eleven days in March 1932 and was shot at the Universal Studios lot and Bronson Canyon on such a small budget that it had to film at night. Other than Béla Lugosi and Joseph Cawthorn, the majority of the cast in White Zombie were actors whose fame had diminished since the silent film era. By the time Lugosi appeared in White Zombie, he was already popular with contemporary audiences after his starring role in the hit 1931 film, Dracula. Sources vary about Lugosi's salary for White Zombie. Claims range between US$500 to $900. Richard Sheffield, who was his close friend in the 1950s, reported a payment of $5,000 for White Zombie on Lugosi's tax returns. The cast and crew's reaction to Lugosi on the set was mixed. Madge Bellamy recalled her collaboration with Lugosi positively, stating that he was very pleasant and that he used to kiss her hand in the morning when they would come on to the set. In contrast, assistant cameraman Enzo Martinelli remarked that "Lugosi wasn't really a friendly type" on set.
Phil Goldstone had previously worked with Bellamy and offered her the role of Madeleine Short for a salary of $5,000. For the role of Dr. Bruner, the Halperins looked for an actor with name value and decided to cast Joseph Cawthorn, who was then known to audiences only as comic relief in stage and film roles. Set designer Ralph Berger utilized the rented sets of previous Universal Studios films. These sets included the great halls from Dracula, pillars and a hanging balcony from The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), the dark corridors from Frankenstein (1931) and chairs from The Cat and the Canary (1927). In addition to Berger, assistant director William Cody and sound director L.E. "Pete" Clark earned their first film credit by working on White Zombie. Jack Pierce, Lugosi's make-up artist on White Zombie, had been responsible for the make-up of several other famous horror films of the era including Frankenstein, The Wolf Man, and The Mummy (1932).
The music of White Zombie was supervised by Abe Meyer. Instead of using pre-recorded music, Meyer had orchestras record new versions of compositions for each specific film he was involved in. The music in White Zombie draws from works including Mussorgsky's "Pictures at an Exhibition", Gaston Borch's "Incidental Symphonies", and Hugo Riesenfeld's "Death of the Great Chief". Other pieces on the White Zombie soundtrack include music written by Richard Wagner, H. Maurice Jacquet, Leo Kempenski, and Franz Liszt. The film begins with "Chant", a composition of wordless vocals and drumming, created by Universal Studios employee Guy Bevier Williams, a specialist in ethnic music.

Release

White Zombie experienced distribution problems from the beginning, and went through several film studios including Columbia Studios and Educational Pictures before its initial release. United Artists had been distributing several independent and foreign films that year and bought the rights to release White Zombie. A preview of White Zombie's first cut was shown on June 16, 1932, in New York City. This print of White Zombie had a running time of 74 minutes, whereas the regular distribution prints ran for only 69 minutes.

Critical response

Most critical reviews focused on the poor acting and over-the-top storyline. William Boehnel of the New York World-Telegram stated: "The plot...is really ridiculous, but not so startlingly so as the acting." Thornton Delehaney of the New York Evening Post wrote, "[T]he story tries to out-Frankenstein Frankenstein, and so earnest is it in its attempt to be thrilling that it overreaches its mark all along the line and resolves into an unintentional and often hilarious comedy." Irene Thirer of the New York Daily News wrote, "Many fantastic and eerie scenes are evolved, but most of them border on ludicrous". Industry trade reviews were more positive. The Film Daily wrote: "It rates with the best of this type of film [...] Bela Lugosi is very impressive and makes the picture worthwhile". Harrison's Reports wrote, "[The film] is certainly not up to the standards of Dracula or Frankenstein, but the types of audience that go for horror pictures will enjoy it".
National media outlet reviewers were generally negative. Frederic Smith of Commonweal opined, "[The film is] interesting only in measure of its complete failure". Liberty wrote, "If you do not get a shock out of this thriller, you will get one out of the acting". In Vanity Fair's "Worst Movie of 1932" article, Pare Lorentz wrote about a "terrific deadlock with Blonde Venus holding a slight lead over White Zombie, Bring 'Em Back Alive, and Murders in the Rue Morgue". In the United Kingdom, press was mixed. The Kinematograph Weekly thought the film was "quite well acted, and has good atmosphere" but thought, too, it was "not for the squeamish or the highly intelligent". The Cinema News and Property Gazette thought the film was for the "less sophisticated" and that the "exaggerated treatment of the subject achieves reverse effect to thrill or conviction". Years after the film's release, Victor Halperin expressed a distaste for his horror films: "I don't believe in fear, violence, and horror, so why traffic in them?"
Modern critical reception has been mixed, with critics praising the film's atmosphere while deprecating the acting. Time Out London wrote, "Halperin shoots this poetic melodrama as trance... The unique result constitutes a virtual bridge between classic Universal horror and the later Val Lewton productions." TV Guide gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, comparing the film's atmosphere to Carl Dreyer's film Vampyr. However, the magazine described the acting as "woefully inadequate", with the exception of Lugosi. Edward G. Bansk, a Val Lewton biographer, identified several flaws in White Zombie, including poor acting, bad timing and other "haphazard and sloppy" film aspects. Bansk wrote, "Although White Zombie is a film with courage, a film difficult not to admire, its ambitions overstep competence of its principal players."

Box office

White Zombie premiered on July 28, 1932, in New York City's Rivoli Theatre. The film received a mixed box office reception upon its initial release, but was a great financial success for an independent film at the time. In 1933 and 1934, the film experienced positive box-office numbers in small towns in the United States, as well as in Germany under the title Flucht von der Teufelsinsel. White Zombie was one of the few American horror films to be approved by the Nazis. The popularity of the film led Victor Halperin to a contract with Paramount Studios.
Opening on July 29, 1932, in Providence, Rhode Island and Indianapolis, Indiana, the film grossed $9,900 and $5,000, respectively, following one-week engagements. Frankenstein and other contemporary horror films had grossed more in Providence, and the Indianapolis theater "wasn't too happy with White Zombie, but what audiences saw it were pleased enough." In Cleveland, Ohio, White Zombie sold a record 16,728 tickets its first weekend on its initial release in August. In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the film opened August 3 at the Princess Theatre. The facade had been transformed into a "House of the Living Dead" and "zombies" walked atop the marquee. The film failed to gross its estimated $8,000 and earned only $6,500 following a one-week run at the Princess Theatre. In comparison, Dracula had grossed $14,000 at Montreal's Palace Theatre during its first week in March 1931.

Home video

White Zombie was transferred from poor quality prints to VHS and Betamax in the 1980s. The film has been released on DVD from several companies – including K-Tel and Alpha Video — with varying image quality. The book Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide described the Roan's later DVD release of the title as the best available. The online film database Allmovie features a positive review of the Roan Group's transfer, stating the film "has never looked better". The film was released on Blu-ray on January 29, 2013, from Kino Video. On the White Zombie compilation album Let Sleeping Corpses Lie, the film is included as a hidden "easter egg". The film can be accessed by selecting Title 5 with a DVD remote control.

Aftermath and influence

White Zombie is considered to be the first feature length zombie film and has been described as the archetype and model of all zombie movies. Not many early horror films followed White Zombie's Haitian origins style. Other horror films from the 1930s borrowed themes from White Zombie, such as people returning from the dead and other elements of zombie mythology. These films include: The Ghost Breakers (1940), King of the Zombies (1941), I Walked with a Zombie (1943), and The Plague of the Zombies (1966). These films all contain elements from White Zombie including the blank-eyed stares, the voodoo drums, and zombies performing manual labor.
Victor Halperin directed a White Zombie sequel, Revolt of the Zombies, which was released in 1936. Béla Lugosi was considered for the role of villain Armand Louque, but the part went to Dean Jagger. Cinematographer Arthur Martinelli and producer Edward Halperin returned for the sequel. Modern critical response to Revolt of the Zombies is generally unfavorable. In a review from Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide, the review declares that "[T]here's no experimentation here, only dull composition shots and flatly lit shots of yakking characters in a by-the-numbers plot." Allmovie rated White Zombie three stars out of five, while it gave Revolt of the Zombies only one star and deemed it far inferior to the original.
Scenes from White Zombie have appeared in other films including Curtis Hanson's The Hand That Rocks the Cradle, Michael Almereyda's Nadja, and Tim Burton's Ed Wood. The heavy metal band White Zombie appropriated their name from the film. The group's vocalist Rob Zombie said of the film, "[It's] a great film that not a lot of people know about...It amazes me that a film that is so readily available can be so lost." In 1997, the Janus company released a model kit based on the Murder Legendre character.
In 2009, it was announced that Tobe Hooper would direct a remake of White Zombie. Screenwriter Jared Rivet worked on a script in 2007 with Hooper. The project was halted due to rights issues. Rivet explained that White Zombie "is clearly public domain, but there were question marks about uncredited source material."
In 2013, Walkabout Publishing released Stephen D. Sullivan's adaptation of White Zombie.

Una scena del film L'isola degli zombies

Johnny Freak - fotogramma

Victor Halperin -

Bela Lugosi in White Zombie (1932)