Henri-Edmond Cross
Henri-Edmond Cross, born Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix, (20 May 1856 – 16 May 1910) was a French painter and printmaker. He is most acclaimed as a master of Neo-Impressionism, and he played an important role in shaping the second phase of that movement. He was very influential to Henri Matisse and many other artists, and his work was an instrumental influence in the development of Fauvism.Background and education
Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix was born in Douai, a commune in the Nord département in northern France, on 20 May 1856. He had no surviving siblings. His parents, with a family history of ironmongery, were French adventurer Alcide Delacroix and British Fanny Woollett.In 1865 the family moved near Lille, a northern French city close to the Belgian border. Alcide's cousin, Dr. Auguste Soins, recognized Henri's artistic talent and was very supportive of his artistic inclinations, even financing the boy's first drawing instructions under painter Carolus-Duran the following year. Henri was Duran's protégé for a year. His studies continued for a short time in Paris in 1875 with François Bonvin before returning to Lille. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts and in 1878, he enrolled at the Écoles Académiques de Dessin et d'Architecture, studying for three years in the studio of Alphonse Colas. His art education continued, under fellow Douai artist Émile Dupont-Zipcy, after moving to Paris in 1881.
Early work
Cross's early works, portraits and still lifes, were in the dark colors of Realism. In order to distinguish himself from the famous Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix, he changed his name in 1881, shortening and Anglicizing his birth name to "Henri Cross" – the French word croix means cross.1881 was also the year of his first exhibition at the Salon des Artistes Français. He painted many landscapes on an 1883 trip to the Alpes-Maritimes, accompanied by his family. Dr. Soins, who was also along on the trip, was the subject of a painting which Cross exhibited at Nice's Exposition Universelle later in the year. During the Mediterranean trip, Cross met Paul Signac, who became a close friend and artistic influence.In 1884, Cross co-founded the Société des Artistes Indépendants, which consisted of artists displeased with the practices of the official Salon, and presented unjuried exhibitions without prizes.There he met and became friends with many artists involved in the Neo-Impressionist movement, including Georges Seurat, Albert Dubois-Pillet, and Charles Angrand. Despite his association with the Neo-Impressionists, Cross did not adopt their style for many years. His work continued to manifest influences such as Jules Bastien-Lepage and Édouard Manet, as well as the Impressionists. The change from his early, somber, Realist work was gradual. His color palette became lighter and he worked en plein air, he painted in the brighter colors of Impressionism. In the latter part of the 1880s, he painted pure landscapes which showed the influence of Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro. In about 1886, attempting again to differentiate himself from another French artist – this time, Henri Cros – he again changed his name, finally adopting "Henri-Edmond Cross".In 1891, Cross began painting in the Neo-Impressionist style, and exhibited his first large piece using this technique in an Indépendants show. That painting was a divisionist portrait of Madame Hector France, née Irma Clare, whom Cross had met in 1888 and would marry in 1893. Robert Rosenblum wrote that "the picture is softly charged with a granular, atmospheric glow".
Cross had wintered in the south of France from 1883 onward, until, suffering from rheumatism, he finally moved there full-time in 1891. His works were still exhibited in Paris. His first residence in southern France was in Cabasson, near Le Lavandou, then he settled a short distance away, in the small hamlet of Saint-Clair, where he spent the remainder of his life, leaving only for Italian trips in 1903 and 1908, and for his annual Indépendants exhibits in Paris. In 1892, Cross's friend Paul Signac moved to nearby Saint-Tropez. Cross and Signac frequently hosted gatherings in Cross's garden, attended by such luminaries as Matisse, André Derain, and Albert Marquet.
Cross's affinity with the Neo-Impressionist movement extended beyond the painting style, to include their political philosophies. Like Signac, Pissarro, and other Neo-Impressionists, Cross believed in anarchist principles, with hope for a utopian society. In 1896, Cross created a lithograph, L'Errant (The Wanderer). This marked the first time he had worked with a publisher, and the piece was featured anonymously in Les Temps Nouveaux, Jean Grave's anarchist journal. Cross's anarchist sentiments influenced his choice of subjects. He painted scenes illustrating a utopian world that could exist through anarchism.
The process of creating Divisionist paintings with numerous small dots of color was tedious and time-consuming. When Cross wanted to depict quick impressions, he created watercolor or colored pencil images in his sketchbooks. He wrote of a rustic French outing:
"Oh! What I saw in a split second while riding my bike tonight! I just had to jot down these fleeting things ... a rapid notation in watercolor and pencil: an informal daubing of contrasting colors, tones, and hues, all packed with information to make a lovely watercolor the next day in the quiet leisure of the studio."
Later years
Cross's paintings of the early- to mid-1890s are characteristically Pointillist, with closely and regularly positioned tiny dots of color. Beginning around 1895, he gradually shifted his technique, instead using broad, blocky brushstrokes and leaving small areas of exposed bare canvas between the strokes. The resulting surfaces of the paintings resembled mosaics,and the works may be seen as precursors to Fauvism and Cubism. Whereas in Pointillism, minute spots of paint were intended to blend colors harmoniously, the "second generation Neo-Impressionism" strategy was to keep the colors separate, resulting in "vibrant shimmering visual effects through contrast". Cross stated that the Neo-Impressionists were "far more interested in creating harmonies of pure color, than in harmonizing the colors of a particular landscape or natural scene." Henri Matisse and other artists were very influenced by the late-career Cross, and such works were instrumental in forming the principles of Fauvism. Among the other artists influenced by Cross were André Derain, Henri Manguin, Charles Camoin, Albert Marquet, Jean Puy, and Louis Valtat.
Galerie Druet in Paris mounted Cross's first solo exhibition, in 1905, featuring thirty paintings and thirty watercolors. The show was very successful, receiving critical acclaim, and most of the works were sold. Belgian Symbolist poet Emile Verhaeren, an avid supporter of Neo-Impressionism in his country, provided the preface for the exhibition catalog, writing:"These landscapes ... are not merely pages of sheer beauty, but motifs embodying a lyrical sense of emotion. Their rich harmonies are satisfying to the painter’s eye, and their sumptuous, luxuriant vision is a poet's delight. Yet this abundance never tips into excess. Everything is light and charming ..."
Cross began to experience troubles with his eyes in the early 1880s, and these grew more severe in the 1900s. He also increasingly suffered from arthritis. At least in part due to these health issues which plagued him for years, Cross's body of work is relatively small. However, in his last years he was productive and very creative, and his work was featured in significant solo exhibitions; he received great acclaim from critics and enjoyed commercial success.
In 1909, Cross was treated in a Paris hospital for cancer. In January 1910 he returned to Saint-Clair, where he died of the cancer just four days short of his 54th birthday, on 16 May 1910. His tomb, in the Le Lavandou cemetery, features a bronze medallion which his friend Théo van Rysselberghe had designed. In July 1911, the city of Cross's birth, Douai, mounted a retrospective exhibition of his work.
Selected exhibitions
La fuite des nymphes, c. 1906, Musée d'Orsay
Giclée print depicting two running nymphs.
Henri-Edmond Cross, il cui vero nome era Henri Edmond Joseph Delacroix, (Douai, 20 maggio 1856 – Le Lavandou, 16 maggio 1910), è stato un pittore francese puntinista.
Pittore neo-impressionista
Henri-Edmond Delacroix, conosciuto come Cross, nacque al n°15 di Rue Jean Bellegambe a Douai.Agli inizi fu un pittore naturalista. In seguito, progressivamente, si avvicinò a Georges Seurat e Paul Signac, anche se il suo puntinismo fu più intuitivo. Le sue opere ispirarono Matisse e i Fauves.
Dal 1900 si stabilì in Provenza, sulla costa, e fu amico del pittore belga Théo van Rysselberghe, altro puntinista, che si era trasferito anche lui a Saint-Clair, sobborgo di Le Lavandou, nel Var.
Entrambi morirono nel piccolo villaggio provenzale ed entrambi furono sepolti nel cimitero di Lavandou.
Henri-Edmond-Cross-Self-portrait1880
La Blouse Rouge by Henri-Edmond Cross, circa 1885. Oil on canvas, 92.7 x 65.1 cm.
Cross Mother and child
Created: 1890s
Cross Mother and child
Madame Hector France, 1891, Musée d'Orsay
Henri-edmon cross, la capigliatura, 1892 ca.
Henri-edmon cross, la capigliatura, 1892 ca.
The farm, evening, 1893, Private collection
La Ferme, matin, 1893
La Ferme, matin, huile sur toile, Musée des beaux-arts de Nancy
Bather drying himself at St. Tropez, 1893
Henri Edmond Cross
L'air du soir, c.1893, Musée d'Orsay
Henri Edmond Cross
Fisherman, 1895
La Plage de Saint-Clair, 1896
HENRI
EDMOND CROSS (1856 - 1910), LA PLAGE DE SAINT-CLAIR, signed Henri
Edmond Cross and dated 96 (lower left), oil on canvas, 54.5 by 65.4cm.
Painted in 1896
Henri-Edmond Cross-L'errant-1896
Coastal View with Cypress Trees, 1896
Henri Edmond Cross
Henri Edmond Cross
Landscape, c. 1896–1899
La barque bleue, 1899
In the Shade
Flight of the Nymphs
La barque bleue, Henri-Edmond Cross, huile sur toile, 59,4 x 81,3 cm, Musée des beaux-arts, Dijon, France.
Les Pins by Henri Edmond Cross, oil on canvas, 60 by 81cm., c 1897-99
Henri-Edmond Cross
Date:
1902
La maison rose, c. 1901-1905
Ponte San Trovaso, 1902–1905
Around My House (Near a House) by Henri-Edmond Cross, 1906, oil on canvas, Pushkin Museum
1906
Une clairière en Provence (Étude), c. 1906
La Chaîne des Maures, 1906–1907
La baie à Cavalière, 1906–1907
Le Bois, 1906–1907
Bord de mer d'Henri-Edmond Cross.
between circa 1906 and circa 1907
The Scarab
1906-1907
Dormeuse nue dans la clairière, 1907
Antibes, Cross 1908
Cypresses at Cagnes, 1908, Musée d'Orsay
Regatta in Venice, 1898/1908
Henri Edmond Cross - Sunset on the Lagoon, Venice - Google Art Project.jpg
1898/1908
An Incoming Storm, 1907-08
An Incoming Storm, 1907-08
Henri Edmond Cross
Henri-Edmond
Cross (1856-1910). View of the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli near
Assisi. 1909. From the collection of Sergei Shchukin.
Hafenszene, by 1910
Hafenszene, Aquarell. 25.0 x 36.0 cm
Cross - Afternoon in Pardigon (Var)
Painting of Cross in the Orsay Museum, Paris
Henri-Edmond Cross "Lavender"
Portrait Of Madame Cross
Bathers I
Henri Edmond Cross
By the Mediterranean
Henri Edmond Cross
At Luxembourg
Henri Edmond Cross
Au Theatre
Henri Edmond Cross
Baigneuses
Henri Edmond Cross
Bateau au large des cotes bretonnes
Henri Edmond Cross
Bathers II
Henri Edmond Cross
Coastal Landscape
Henri Edmond Cross
Corner of the Garden in Monaco
Henri Edmond Cross
Etude De Sous-Bois Avec Femme Nue
Henri Edmond Cross
Femme Cousant
Henri Edmond Cross
Femmes liant la vigne
Henri Edmond Cross
Flowers In A Glass
Henri Edmond Cross
Bathers I 
By the Mediterranean 
Baigneuses 
Bateau au large des cotes bretonnes 
Bathers II 
Coastal Landscape 
Corner of the Garden in Monaco 
Jeune Femme (Study For La Clairiere)
Henri Edmond Cross
La Meditation
Henri Edmond Cross
Jeune Femme (Study For La Clairiere) 
Portrait of Henri-Edmond Cross - Maximillien Luce
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